Larval AFB challenge studies after oral vaccination of queens (see text for details)
From: Dickel, F., Bos, N.M.P., Hughes, H., Martín-Hernández, R., Higes, M., Kleiser, A., and Freitak, D. (2022) The oral vaccination with Paenibacillus larvae bacterin can decrease susceptibility to American Foulbrood infection in honey bees—A safety and efficacy study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.946237.